A rat model of rheumatoid arthritis: TDZD-8 is associated with the protection against the induction of the synovium knee joint IL-17A/GSK3beta/ROS/alpha-SMA axis of fibrosis / Un modelo de rata de artritis reumatoide: TDZD-8 está asociado con la protección contra la inducción del eje de fibrosis de la articulación sinovial de la rodilla IL-17A/GSK3ß/ROS/α-SMA

SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that affects the synovial knee joint causes swelling of the synovial membrane and tissue damage. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) are involved in the pathogenesis of RA. The link between IL-17A, GSK3β, the oxidative stress, and the profibrogenic marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with and without TDZD-8, GSK3β inhibitor has not been studied before. Consequently, active immunization of rats was performed to induce RA after three weeks using collagen type II (COII) injections. The treated group received daily injection of 1 mg/kg TDZD-8 for 21 days following the immunization protocol (COII+TDZD-8). Blood and synovium tissue samples were harvested at the end of the experiment. RA development was confirmed as corroborated by a substantial increase in blood levels of the highly specific autoantibody for RA, anti-citrullinated protein antibody as well as augmentation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) levels measured as lipid peroxidation. RA induction also increased synovium tissue levels of IL-17A and the profibrogenic marker, α-SMA. All these parameters seemed to be significantly (p<0.0001) ameliorated by TDZD-8. Additionally, a significant correlation between IL-17A, ROS, and α-SMA and biomarkers of RA was observed. Thus, knee joint synovium RA induction augmented IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA axis mediated arthritis in a rat model of RA, which was inhibited by TDZD-8.

La artritis reumatoide (AR) que afecta la articulación sinovial de la rodilla provoca inflamación de la membrana sinovial y daño tisular. La interleucina-17A (IL-17A) y la enzima glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3β (GSK3β) están involucradas en la patogenia de la AR. No se ha estudiadol vínculo entre IL-17A, GSK3β, el estrés oxidativo y el marcador profibrogénico actina de músculo liso alfa (α-SMA) con y sin inhibidor de TDZD-8, GSK3β. En consecuencia, se realizó una inmunización activa de ratas para inducir la AR después de tres semanas usando inyecciones de colágeno tipo II (COII). El grupo tratado recibió una inyección diaria de 1 µg/ kg de TDZD-8 durante 21 días siguiendo el protocolo de inmunización (COII+TDZD-8). Se recogieron muestras de sangre y tejido sinovial al final del experimento. El desarrollo de AR se confirmó como lo corroboró el aumento sustancial en los niveles sanguíneos del autoanticuerpo altamente específico para AR, el anticuerpo antiproteína citrulinada, así como el aumento de los niveles de especies oxidativas reactivas (ROS) medidos como peroxidación lipídica. La inducción de AR también aumentó los niveles de tejido sinovial de IL-17A y el marcador profibrogénico, α-SMA. Todos estos parámetros parecían mejorar significativamente (p<0,0001) con TDZD-8. Además, se observó una correlación significativa entre IL- 17A, ROS y α-SMA y biomarcadores de AR. Por lo tanto, la inducción de AR en la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla aumentó la artritis mediada por el eje IL-17A/GSK3β/ROS/α-SMA en un modelo de rata de AR, que fue inhibida por TDZD-8.

Suppression of nitrosative stress and inflammation of the knee joint synovium in collagen type ii-induced rheumatoid arthritis by the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß / Supresión del estrés nitrosativo e inflamación de la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla en la artritis reumatoide inducida por colágeno tipo ii mediante la inhibición de la glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3 ß

SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes cartilage degradation and tissue destruction, can affect synovial joints such as the knee joint. The link between the nitrosative stress enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1β) in RA-induced knee joint synovial membrane damage with and without the incorporation of the GSK3β inhibitor TDZD-8 has never been studied. As a result, we used active immunization method with collagen type II (COII) for twenty one days to induce RA in rats. TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) was given daily into matched immunized rats for three weeks after day 21 (COII+TDZD-8). Blood and tissue samples were taken 42 days after immunization. A dramatic increase in rheumatoid factor (RF) blood levels, as well as considerable synovial tissue damage and inflammatory cell infiltration of the synovial membrane, were used to validate the onset of RA following COII immunization. COII immunization increased tissue levels of iNOS protein and IL- 1β mRNA and protein expression, which TDZD-8 suppressed considerably (p<0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significantly (p<0.001) positive correlation between iNOS, inflammatory biomarkers, and RF. We concluded that TDZD-8 reduced RA-induced IL-1β -iNOS axis-mediated arthritis in the rat knee joint synovium.

RESUMEN: La artritis reumatoide (AR), es una enfermedad autoinmune inflamatoria que causa la degradación del cartílago y la destrucción del tejido, pudiendo afectar las articulaciones sinoviales, como la articulación de la rodilla. No se ha estudiado el vínculo entre la óxido nítrico sintasa inducible por la enzima del estrés nitrosativo (iNOS) y la citocina interleucina-1 (IL-1β) en el daño de la membrana sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla provocado por AR con y sin la incorporación del inhibidor de GSK3β TDZD-8. Utilizamos el método de inmunización activa con colágeno tipo II (COII) durante veintiún días para inducir AR en ratas. Se administró TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg; i.p.) diariamente a ratas inmunizadas emparejadas durante tres semanas después del día 21 (COII+TDZD- 8). Se tomaron muestras de sangre y tejido 42 días después de la inmunización. Se observó un gran aumento de los niveles sanguíneos del factor reumatoideo (FR), así como un daño considerable del tejido sinovial e infiltración de células inflamatorias en la membrana sinovial, para validar la aparición de la AR después de la inmunización con COII. La inmunización con COII aumentó los niveles tisulares de la proteína iNOS y la expresión de proteína y ARNm de IL-1β, que TDZD-8 suprimió considerablemente (p<0,0001). Además, hubo una correlación positiva significativa (p<0,001) entre iNOS, biomarcadores inflamatorios y FR. Concluimos que TDZD- 8 redujo la artritis mediada por el eje IL-1β-iNOS inducida por la AR en la sinovial de la articulación de la rodilla de rata.

TDZD-8 suppresses rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen type II in rats: potential role of apoptosis and inflammation / TDZD-8 suprime la artritis reumatoide inducida por colágeno tipo II en ratas: papel potencial de la apoptosis y la inflamación

SUMMARY: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune disease distinguished by chronic synovial membrane inflammation, degraded cartilage, as well as bone destruction, which lead to joints pain and stiffness. The pathogenesis of RA involved at least two mechanisms: Cellular proliferation and activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) enzyme. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the GSK3binhibitor, TDZD-8, can treat the synovial tissue toward collagen type II (COII)-mediated RA linked to apoptosis induction and biomarker suppression of inflammation. Wistar rats were immunized with COII (the model group) for 21 days. Matched immunized rats were daily injected with TDZD-8 (1 mg/kg; i.p) for three additional weeks (COII+TDZD- 8).After 42 days of post-immunization, blood and tissues were collected. Histology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (CD45; leukocyte common antigen) images showed that COII induced RA was demonstrated by profound damage to the synovial tissue and infiltration of the inflammatory cells, which were substantially ameliorated with TDZD-8. In addition, COII immunization caused the induction of rheumatoid factor (RF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) that were substantially (p<0.05) suppressed by TDZD-8. Whereas, TDZD-8 augmented the apoptotic biomarker, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), which was significantly (p<0.05) ameliorated by RA. We also showed a substantial relationship (p<0.001) between the blood levels of RF and the synovial tissue levels of TNF-α (r = 0.759), IL-1b (r = 0.969), IL-6 (r = 0.749), and Bax (r = - 0.914). These results indicate effective treatment of the injured synovial tissue by TDZD-8 against COII-induced RA in rats, which also decreases inflammatory biomarkers and augmentation of apoptosis.

RESUMEN: La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad autoinmune que se distingue por la inflamación crónica de la membrana sinovial, el cartílago degradado y la destrucción de los huesos, lo que provoca dolor y rigidez en las articulaciones. La patogenia de la AR involucra al menos dos mecanismos: la proliferación celular y la activación de la enzima glucógeno sintasa quinasa-3b (GSK3β) Por lo tanto, probamos la hipótesis de que el inhibidor de GSK3β, TDZD-8, puede tratar el tejido sinovial hacia el colágeno tipo II (COII) - AR mediada por inducción de apoptosis y supresión de biomarcadores de inflamación. Se inmunizaron ratas Wistar con COII (el grupo modelo) durante 21 días. Se inyectaron diariamente ratas emparejadas inmunizadas con TDZD-8 (1 mg / kg; i.p) durante tres semanas adicionales (COII + TDZD-8). Después de 42 días de post-inmunización, se recolectó sangre y tejidos. Las imágenes de histología (H&E) e inmunohistoquímica (CD45; antígeno común de leucocitos) mostraron que la AR inducida por COII presentaba un daño profundo en el tejido sinovial e infiltración de las células inflamatorias, las que mejoraron con TDZD-8. Además, la inmunización con COII provocó la inducción de factor reumatoide (FR), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interleucina-6 (IL-6) e interleucina 1 beta (IL-1β) que fueron suprimidos por TDZD-8 de manera significativa (p < 0.05). Considerando que TDZD-8 aumentó el biomarcador apoptótico, la proteína X asociada a Bcl-2 (Bax), que fue mejorado (p <0,05) por RA. También se observó una relación sustancial (p <0,001) entre los niveles sanguíneos de RF y los niveles de tejido sinovial de TNF-α (r = 0,759), IL-1β (r = 0,969), IL-6 (r = 0,749), y Bax (r = -0,914). Estos resultados indicaron un tratamiento eficaz del tejido sinovial lesionado por TDZD-8 contra la AR inducida por COII en ratas, que también disminuye los biomarcadores inflamatorios y el aumento de la apoptosis.

Thidiazuron (TDZ) increases fruit set and yield of 'Hosui' and 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees

ABSTRACT The low fruit set is one of the main factors leading to poor yield of pear orchards in Brazil. The exogenous application of thidiazuron (TDZ) and aminoethoxyvinilglycine (AVG) has shown promising results in some pear cultivars and other temperate fruit trees. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of TDZ and AVG on fruit set, yield, and fruit quality of 'Hosui' and 'Packham's Triumph' pears. The study was performed in a commercial orchard located in São Joaquim, SC. Plant material consisted of 'Hosui' and 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees grafted on Pyrus calleryana. Treatments consisted on different rates of TDZ (0 mg L-1, 20 mg L-1, 40 mg L-1 and 60 mg L-1) sprayed at full bloom for both cultivars. An additional treatment of AVG 60 mg L-1 was sprayed one week after full bloom in 'Hosui'. The fruit set, number of fruit per tree, yield, fruit weight, seed number, and fruit quality attributes were assessed. Fruit set and yield of both cultivars are consistently increased by TDZ, within the rates of 20 to 60 mg L-1. Besides, its application increased fruit size of 'Hosui' and did not negatively affect fruit quality attributes of both cultivars.

Comparação entre o sumatriptano, a trimebutina, o meloxicam e a associação dos três fármacos no tratamento agudo de enxaqueca / Comparison among sumatriptane, trimebutine, meloxicam and the association of those drugs in the acute treatment of migraine

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A crise aguda de migrânea geralmente leva a grande incapacidade econômica e social para aqueles que sofrem deste transtorno. A fisiopatologia é complexa e envolve múltiplos mecanismos centrais e periféricos. O tratamento agudo tem como objetivo aliviar a dor e os fenômenos associados como a náusea e fotofobia, sem causar efeitos adversos importantes. Apesar do desenvolvimento de fármacos específicos como os triptanos, para o tratamento agudo, a sua eficácia ainda é baixa. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia e a tolerância da trimebutina, meloxicam, sumatriptano e a associação dos três fármacos no tratamento das crises agudas de migrânea de moderada a forte intensidade.MÉTODO: Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética das Instituições foram incluídos neste estudo prospectivo, duplamente encoberto e aleatório, 50 pacientes, sendo 43 mulheres e 7 homens, com idade entre 18 e 65 anos, portadores de migrânea com ou sem aura, que utilizavam medicação profilática, exceto anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINES). Foram tratadas quatro crises de migrânea de moderada a forte intensidade de cada paciente, com 200 mg de trimebutina, 50 mg de sumatriptano, 15 mg de meloxicam ou com a associação de 200 mg de trimebutina, 50 mg de sumatriptano e 15 mg de meloxicam. Os pacientes foram aleatorizados em 4 grupos de acordo com a ordem de chegada, de modo que o primeiro paciente incluído recebeu trimebutina para a primeira crise, sumatriptano para a segunda crise, meloxicam para a terceira crise e a associação entre os 3 fármacos para a quarta crise. O segundo paciente incluído recebeu sumatriptano para a primeira crise, meloxicam para a segunda superior a cada um desses fármacos isolados para controlar a dor, as náuseas e a fotofobia nas crises agudas de migrânea de moderada a forte intensidade. Além disso, a combinação dos fármacos apresentou maior incidência de efeitos adversos.crise, a associação para a terceira crise e a trimebutina para a quarta crise, e assim sucessivamente. A intensidade da crise de migrânea foi avaliada a partir da ingestão da cápsula com escala categorizada verbal na qual: 0 - sem dor, 1 - cefaleia leve, 2 - cefaleia moderada e 3 - cefaleia intensa. Cada paciente foi orientado para preencher o relatório de crise para cada crise tratada, na qual anotava a intensidade da cefaleia, a presença de náusea, fotofobia e dos efeitos adversos, e o uso da medicação de resgate, 100 mg de indometacina por via retal. RESULTADOS: Completaram o estudo 42 pacientes. Em uma hora 9,5% dos pacientes que utilizaram a associação dos fármacos estavam livres da dor, comparados com 14,2% com a trimebutina e sumatriptano e 2,4% com o meloxicam (p = 0,479). Em duas horas 21,4% dos pacientes que usaram a associação estavam livres da dor, comparados com 11,9% com a trimebutina, 26,1% com sumatriptano e 23,8% com o meloxicam (p = 0,555). Tanto a associação trimebutina, sumatriptano e meloxicam como os fármacos trimebutina, sumatriptano e meloxicam isolados foram efetivos para controlar a náusea e fotofobia após 1 e 2h para náusea (p = 0,157 e 0,587) e fotofobia (p = 0,671 e 0,929, embora sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. Dez pacientes em uso da associação dos fármacos, 6 em uso da trimebutina, 5 em uso do sumatriptano e 5 em uso do meloxicam relataram efeitos colaterais. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou que a associação sumatriptano, meloxicam e trimebutina não foi superior a cada um desses fármacos isolados para controlar a dor, as náuseas e a fotofobia nas crises agudas de migrânea de moderada a forte intensidade. Além disso, a combinação dos fármacos apresentou maior incidência de efeitos adversos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute migraine crisis often leads to major economic and social disability for those suffering from such syndrome. Pathophysiology is complex involving several central and peripheral mechanisms. The acute treatment aims at evaluating pain and associated phenomena, such as nausea and photophobia, without causing major adverse effects. Notwithstanding the development of specific drugs for the acute treatment, such as triptanes, their efficacy is still low. This study aimed at comparing efficacy and tolerance of trimebutine, meloxicam, sumatriptane and the association of such drugs to treat moderate to severe acute migraine crises.METHOD: After the Institutions? Ethics Committee approval, participated in this prospective, double-blind and randomized study 50 patients, being 43 females and 7 males, aged between 18 and 65 years, with migraine with or without aura, under prophylactic medication, except non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Patients were treated for 4 moderate to severe migraine crises with 200 mg trimebutine, 50 mg sumatriptane, 15 mg meloxicam, or with the association of 200 mg trimebutine, 50 mg sumatriptane and 15 mg meloxicam. Patients were randomized in 4 groups according to their arrival, so that the first patient included received trimebutine for the first crisis, sumatriptane for the second crisis, meloxicam for the third crisis and the association of the three drugs for the fourth crisis. The second patient included received sumatriptane for the first crisis, meloxicam for the second crisis, the association for the third crisis and trimebutine for the fourth crisis, and so on and so forth. Migraine crisis intensity was evaluated as from the ingestion of the first tablet with verbal categorized scale where: 0 = no pain, 1 = mild headache, 2 = moderate headache, 3 = severe headache. All patients were oriented to fill a crisis report for each treated crisis, where they would record headache intensity, presence of nausea, photophobia and adverse effects and the use of rescue medication, 100 mg of rectal indometacin.RESULTS: Forty-two patients completed the study. In one hour 9.5% of patients using the association of drugs were free of pain, as compared to 14.2% with trimebutine and sumatriptane and 2.4% with meloxicam (p = 0.479). In two hours 21.4% of patients using the association were free of pain, as compared to 11.9% with trimebutine, 26.1% with sumatriptane and 23.6% with meloxicam (p = 0.555). Both the association of trimebutine, sumatriptane and meloxicam and trimebutine, sumatriptane and meloxicam alone were effective to control nausea and photophobia after 1 and 2 h for nausea (p = 0.157 and 0.587) and photophobia (p = 0.671 and 0.929) although without statistically significant difference among them. Ten patients under the association of drugs, 6 under trimebutine, 5 under sumatriptane and 5 under meloxicam have reported side effects. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the association of sumatriptane, meloxicam and trimebutine was not better than each of those drugs alone to control pain, nausea and photophobia during moderate to severe migraine crises. In addition, the combination of drugs has shown a higher incidence of adverse effects.